Gorin wrote SPELL in assembly language, for faster action he made the first spelling corrector by searching the word list for plausible correct spellings that differ by a single letter or adjacent letter transpositions and presenting them to the user. Ralph Gorin, a graduate student under Earnest at the time, created the first true spelling checker program written as an applications program (rather than research) for general English text: SPELL for the DEC PDP-10 at Stanford University's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, in February 1971. In 1961, Les Earnest, who headed the research on this budding technology, saw it necessary to include the first spell checker that accessed a list of 10,000 acceptable words. In some cases, spell checkers use a fixed list of misspellings and suggestions for those misspellings this less flexible approach is often used in paper-based correction methods, such as the see also entries of encyclopedias.Ĭlustering algorithms have also been used for spell checking combined with phonetic information. Key advantages include needing less runtime storage and the ability to correct errors in words that are not included in a dictionary. This approach usually requires a lot of effort to obtain sufficient statistical information. An alternative type of spell checker uses solely statistical information, such as n-grams, to recognize errors instead of correctly-spelled words. Spell checkers can use approximate string matching algorithms such as Levenshtein distance to find correct spellings of misspelled words. It is unclear whether morphological analysis-allowing for many forms of a word depending on its grammatical role-provides a significant benefit for English, though its benefits for highly synthetic languages such as German, Hungarian, or Turkish are clear.Īs an adjunct to these components, the program's user interface allows users to approve or reject replacements and modify the program's operation. For many other languages, such as those featuring agglutination and more complex declension and conjugation, this part of the process is more complicated. Even for a lightly inflected language like English, the spell checker will need to consider different forms of the same word, such as plurals, verbal forms, contractions, and possessives. An additional step is a language-dependent algorithm for handling morphology.This might contain just a list of words, or it might also contain additional information, such as hyphenation points or lexical and grammatical attributes.
It then compares each word with a known list of correctly spelled words (i.e.It scans the text and extracts the words contained in it.4 Spell-checking for languages other than EnglishĪ basic spell checker carries out the following processes:.
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